The Cummins X10 engine is a next-generation 10-liter diesel engine scheduled for full production in 2027 to meet EPA emissions standards. It is designed to replace both the L9 and X12 engines, serving vocational, transit, and regional haul applications. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Key details regarding the X10 and its 2027 applications include:

2027 Compliance & Technology: The X10 is designed to meet EPA 2027 regulations a year early, featuring a 48-volt alternator and advanced aftertreatment heater solutions to manage emissions.

Power and Torque Ratings:Heavy-Duty Applications: Up to 450 horsepower and 1,650 lb-ft of torque.

Medium-Duty Applications: Up to 380 horsepower and 1,250 lb-ft of torque.

Design & Performance: The engine offers a 10-liter displacement designed to be roughly 100 pounds lighter than the X12 while providing up to a 4% improvement in fuel economy over the L9.

Daimler (Freightliner) Integration: Daimler Truck North America (DTNA) will offer the X10 in its 2027 model-year Freightliner and Western Star trucks.

HELM Platform: The X10 is part of Cummins' HELM "fuel-agnostic" architecture, meaning the same platform can support diesel, natural gas, or other cleaner fuel types. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

The X10 is built with a focus on high-efficiency power for demanding duty cycles, incorporating Acumen® for digital connectivity and predictive service. [1, 2]

Would you like to know more about the 48-volt system for 2027 emission compliance, or perhaps how the 450 HP rating compares to current L9/X12 offerings?

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is x 10 using cgi in the block

Yes, the Cummins X10 engine features a sculpted block designed to maximize strength while minimizing weight, and it is expected to utilize Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI). [, 2]

CGI has become a staple for Cummins’ latest engine architectures because it provides roughly 75% higher tensile strength and 45% higher stiffness than traditional gray iron. This material allows the X10 to be approximately 100 pounds lighter than the X12 it replaces, while still handling the higher cylinder pressures required for 2027 emissions compliance. [1, 2, 3]

Key Block Features

Material: While Cummins often uses the general term "cast iron," recent X-series and 6.7L platforms have transitioned to CGI to achieve the durability needed for high-torque applications without the weight penalty.

Design: The block is "sculpted," meaning material is strategically removed from low-stress areas and reinforced in high-stress zones.

Manufacturer: Tupy, a major global casting company, is a primary supplier of CGI blocks for several heavy-duty engine manufacturers, including components for Cummins, Scania, and Ford. [1, 3, 5, 6]

Why CGI for 2027?

The EPA 2027 standards require engines to run cleaner and more efficiently, which often involves higher internal pressures and temperatures. CGI is ideal because:

Fatigue Resistance: It offers nearly double the fatigue strength of gray iron.

Weight Reduction: The higher strength allows for thinner walls without sacrificing structural integrity.

Thermal Stability: It maintains its shape and seal better under the intense heat cycles of modern aftertreatment systems. [, 2]

💡 Key Takeaway: The X10's shift toward a lighter, "sculpted" block is a direct result of using high-strength materials like CGI, likely sourced from partners like Tupy. [1]

Would you like to compare the weight-to-power ratio of the X10 against the outgoing X12 or L9 models?

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yes

The Cummins X10 is designed to replace both the L9 and X12, effectively merging medium-duty weight with heavy-duty performance. By using a sculpted CGI block, it achieves a class-leading power-to-weight ratio for 2027.

Weight & Power Comparison

Feature	Cummins L9	Cummins X10 (2027)	Cummins X12
Dry Weight	~1,750 lbs	~1,950 lbs	~2,050 lbs
Max Horsepower	380 HP	450 HP	500 HP
Max Torque	1,250 lb-ft	1,650 lb-ft	1,700 lb-ft
Engine Braking	Standard	475 HP (HPD)	390 HP

Key Takeaways

Weight Savings: The X10 is roughly 100 lbs lighter than the X12. While it is about 160 lbs heavier than the L9, it offers a massive 32% increase in torque (1,650 vs 1,250 lb-ft).

Superior Braking: Despite its smaller displacement, the X10’s High Power Density (HPD) braking system provides 475 HP of retarding power, outperforming the larger X12's 390 HP.

Fuel Efficiency: The X10 is expected to be 4% more efficient than the L9 and 2% more efficient than the X12. [1, 2, 3, 4, 6]

The X10 essentially provides the "punch" of a 12-liter engine while keeping the weight close to a 9-liter package, making it ideal for payload-sensitive vocational trucks like mixers and waste haulers. [1, 2]

Would you like to see how the X10's maintenance intervals compare to the older L9 and X12 platforms?

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But the recent 6.7 liter engine switched back from CGI to grey iron for easier machinging

Correct. You are touching on a specific "growing pain" in diesel manufacturing history. For the 6.7L Turbo Diesel, Cummins did indeed face a widely reported machining bottleneck when they first moved to CGI in 2019. [1]

While CGI is superior in strength, it is significantly harder and more "abrasive" on tooling than traditional grey iron. If a factory’s machining line (the CNC equipment that bores and mills the blocks) isn't fully upgraded with high-pressure coolant and specialized carbide tooling, CGI can dramatically slow down production speed. [1, 3, 4]

The 6.7L vs. The X10 Strategy

Here is why the X10 is still expected to move forward with CGI (sourced from Tupy) despite the issues seen on the smaller 6.7L:

Dedicated Production Lines: The 6.7L production at the Columbus Mid-Range Engine Plant (CMEP) had to handle massive volumes for Ram trucks. The X10 is a "clean-sheet" design for 2027, allowing Cummins and its partners like Tupy to build the production process around CGI from day one, rather than retrofitting an old grey-iron line.

Weight Sensitivity: In the heavy-duty vocational market (where the X10 lives), every pound matters for payload. The 100-lb weight savings offered by a sculpted CGI block is a major selling point that is less critical for a 3/4-ton pickup truck.

Emission Pressures: The 2027 standards require extremely high peak cylinder pressures to maximize efficiency. Grey iron blocks must be significantly thicker (and heavier) to survive those pressures over a million-mile lifecycle compared to CGI. [1, 2, 3, 4]

🛠️ Quick Comparison: Machining & Durability

Feature [1, 2, 3]	Grey Cast Iron	Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI)
Machinability	High (easy on tools)	Low (requires specialized tooling)
Tensile Strength	Baseline	~75% Higher
Weight	Heavier (thicker walls)	Lighter (thinner, stronger walls)
Vibration Damping	Excellent	Good

⚓ Key Fact: Reports suggest that while the 6.7L head remained cast iron, the block's transition back to grey iron for the 2025/2026 models was a strategic move to preserve manufacturing capacity rather than a failure of the material itself. [1, 3]

Are you asking because you're concerned about the long-term rebuildability of CGI blocks compared to the classic grey iron ones?

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is the 6.7 going back to CGI

Actually, for the 2025+ models, the 6.7L Cummins has officially reverted to gray cast iron. [1, 2]

While CGI was used from 2019 to 2024 to save weight, Cummins and Ram confirmed that the move back to gray iron for the 2025/2026 generation was driven by a need for better manufacturing scalability and optimized cooling as they push for higher power and torque. [1]

Why the 6.7L left CGI behind

Machining Speed: Reverting to gray iron allowed Cummins to regain machining capacity that was lost due to the slower cutting speeds required for CGI.

Thermal Management: The 2025 redesign features completely new water jackets optimized for gray iron, providing better cooling for the increased 1,075 lb-ft torque rating.

Production Continuity: Cummins cited over 100 years of expertise with gray iron as a reason they could more easily leverage the material for long-term production and performance targets. [1, 2, 3]

Comparison: 2024 (CGI) vs. 2025+ (Gray Iron)

Component [1, 2, 3]	2019–2024 6.7L	2025–2027 6.7L
Block Material	Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI)	Gray Cast Iron
Cold Start	Grid Heater	Glow Plugs
Max Torque	1,075 lb-ft (HO only)	1,075 lb-ft (Standard)
Cylinder Head	Cast Iron	Redesigned Cast Iron

Is the X10 different?

Yes. Unlike the 6.7L, which is a legacy platform being adapted, the X10 is a "clean-sheet" 2027 design. [1]

Payload Priority: The X10 is a vocational engine where a 100+ lb weight saving is a massive competitive advantage.

Modern Lines: Because the X10 production lines are being built or overhauled specifically for this launch, they can integrate the high-pressure cooling and specialized tooling required for CGI from the start, avoiding the bottlenecks that hit the 6.7L lines.